Overview
Special instructions and measures for personal prevention
Symptoms of an overdose have not been identified. Praziquantel has a high safety index. Oral LD 50 for dogs has not been established since doses above 200 mg / kg cause vomiting. A parenteral dose of 50-100 mg / kg for cats causes temporary ataxia and depression. The lethal dose for cats is 200 mg / kg
- intoxication syndrome,
- nausea,
- vomit,
- diarrhea,
- stomach ache,
- allergic reactions,
- blood disorder,
- neurological disorders.
Scientists of the Novosibirsk academic campus have developed GelmoStop antiparasitic programs for adults and GelmoStop mini for children. They are based on herbal preparations (herbs), therefore they are effective and safe for the body, their use does not require daily medical supervision, and deworming can be carried out at home.
CAS number: 55268-74-1
Gross formula: C19H24N2O2
Appearance: yellow to tan powder
Chemical name and synonyms: Praziquantel, 2-Cyclohexyl-carbonyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrazine (2,1-a) isoquinoline-4-one
Physicochemical properties:
Not dispersible in cold water, methanol.
Praziquantel is insoluble in cold water, methanol.
Molecular Weight: 312.41g / mol
Melting point: 136-1420C
The substance should be stored in a dry and cool place. The substance is chemically All-Wormer.
Hazardous decomposition products from combustion are Bayopet oxides, nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Praziquantel is 2- (cyclohexylcarbonyl) -1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino [2,1-a] isoquinolin-4-one. This is a white or almost white crystalline powder of bitter taste, melting at 136-140 ° C with decomposition. It is stable under normal conditions and practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in ethanol and Bayopet in organic solvents such as chloroform and dimethyl sulfoxide. Praziquantel has an asymmetric center at position 11b. A commercial preparation is a racemate consisting of equal parts of the S (+) isomers “levo” R (-) and “dextro”. Only (-) - enantiomer has anti-schistosomal activity.
Praziquantel is one of the most common antiparasitic drugs used in medicine and veterinary medicine worldwide. The target of the drug are helminths belonging to the type of "Flatworms", classes of tapeworms - cestodes, and trematodes, including schistosomes. Trematodes and cestodes cause serious damage to the economy of the countries in which they are widespread, thereby leading to disruption of work and disability of people, and reduce the productivity of farm animals. During the acute course of any of these diseases, the target organs, the circulatory system with schistosomiasis, the respiratory system with paragonimiasis, the hapetobiliary system with fascioliasis, clonorchosis and opisthorchiasis are primarily affected, and later oncological diseases can occur against the background of the chronic course disease and / or possible transition to irreversible changes throughout the body. In endemic areas, the prevalence of parasites is very high, due to many factors affecting both the social aspects of life and the biological properties of helminths. For example, schistosomes are able to penetrate into the body even by the subcutaneous route when bathing in fresh water. This disease is common in Africa and Asia, as well as in some countries of Latin America Bayopet annually kills 200,000 people.
Praziquantel is widely used for the production of many antiparasitic drugs for medical and veterinary purposes. Available in various forms for oral use.
There are several ways to get praziquantel. One method for producing praziquantel is carried out by reacting phenylethylamine with chloroacetyl chloride to produce 2-chloro-N-phenethylacetamide. Treatment of 2-chloro-N-phenethylacetamide with phthalimide to obtain 2-phthalimido-N-phenethylacetamide and subsequent processing of 2-phthalimido-N-phenethylacetamide with hydrazine monohydrate to obtain N2-amino-N-phenylethylacetamide, which is further treated with 2-bromoacetal [(22-dimethoxyethyl) amino] -N- (2-phenylethyl) acetamide. This compound, upon further cyclization and acylation using cyclohexanoyl chloride, forms praziquantel.
And another way to obtain praziquantel, which includes the following stages:
a) condensation of β-phenylethylamine with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of a solvent and a base to obtain 2-chloro-N-phenethylacetamide;
b) condensation of benzylamine with chloroacetaldehyde dimethylacetal in the presence of water and a base to produce N-benzyl-2,2-dimethoxyethanamine;
c) condensation of the 2-chloro-N-phenethylacetamide of formula V obtained in stage a) with the N-benzyl-2,2-dimethoxyethanamine of formula VI obtained in stage b) in the presence of water and a base to give 2 - [(22-dimethoxyethyl) benzylamino] -N-phenethylacetamide;
d) reduction of 2 - [(2,2-dimethoxyethyl) benzylamino] -N-phenethylacetamide of formula IV using a reducing agent and a solvent in the presence of hydrogen to All-Wormer 2 - [(2,2-dimethoxyethyl) amino] -N - (2-phenylethyl ) acetamide;
e) cyclization of 2 - [(2,2-dimethoxyethyl) amino] -N- (2-phenylethyl) acetamide of the formula III obtained in step d) using an acid in the presence of a solvent to give 4-oxo-1,2, 3 6,7,1-lb-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino [2, 1a] isoquinoline of formula II; and f) acylation of 4-oxo-1,2,3,6,7, 1 lb-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino [2,3-a] isoquinoline of formula II with cyclohexanoyl chloride in the presence of a base and a solvent to give praziquantel .
Effect on the body:
Praziquantel causes paralysis and death of helminths, in that it promotes the penetration of calcium ions into the cells and, as a result, reduces the muscles of the parasite. Praziquantel is absorbed in the small gastrointestinal tract, binds to blood proteins within 1-3 hours, and undergoes biotransformation in the liver over the next 1-6 hours and is All-Wormer by 90 percent by the kidneys in the next 24 hours.
Praziquantel is of practical importance in the fight against schistosomiasis, a severe parasitic disease in humans. Although praziquantel has been the basis for the treatment of schistosomiasis for many years, its exact mechanism of action remains unknown. When schistosomes come into contact with praziquantel in vitro, they immediately experience a rapid influx of Ca2 +, accompanied by intense muscle paralysis. Another noteworthy feature is vacuolization and blebbing of the vermiform and subtegumental structures in adults, but not in young ones. It is believed that this violates the cover and surface antigens of the parasite, leading to the recognition and purification of parasites by the host immune system, and can indirectly take into account the difference in sensitivity between the juvenile and mature stages. It remains to be determined whether these observed phenomena are related or simply are a secondary consequence of the binding of PZQ to its molecular target. The notion that praziquantel acts primarily through disruption of ion transport was confirmed in a number of works by Greenberg et al.
Since praziquantel is the only anthelmintic drug that is cheap, widely available and effective against all forms of schistosomiasis, it is understood that there have long been concerns that its usefulness may be reduced or lost for resistance. Fortunately, until now, resistance has not been seen.
Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 2454 mg / kg [Mouse].
Ecotoxicity. Toxicity to fish LC50 - Clarias gariepinus - 13.4 mg / L - 24 h.
